A story with tens of thousands of articles.

A story with tens of thousands of articles.
life and death, blessing and cursing, from the main character in the hands of readers.

Monday, June 27, 2016

Choice Psychology: A Huge List of Marketing Applications

If you are looking for a professional writer, both fiction, and nonfiction, please contact richard.nata@yahoo.co.id

BERANDA    ABOUT US    ADS : 1 USD FOREVER     ASMARA    BIOGRAFI     BUKU     BUKU PINTAR 

CHRISTIAN FAITH     DISCLAIMER     DUNIA KERJA     ENTREPRENEURS     GO PUBLIC (IPO)     

KESEHATAN     LIST OF ALL ARTICLES     MARKETING     MY STARTUP     OTHERS     

TIP SUKSES DAN KAYA     TIPS BLOGGER     TIP SEO     CONTACT ME    PROFESSIONAL WRITER


Choice Psychology: A Huge List of Marketing Applications

Welcome to a huge resource on the psychology of choice.
Each day, you make hundreds — if not thousands — of choices. This article explains the subconscious factors that guide those decisions.
If you’re a marketer, you’ll learn how to apply that information so that customers…
  • Choose an option (e.g., add to cart)
  • Choose a desired option (e.g., high ROI product)
  • Enjoy their option (e.g., purchase again)
PDF Bonus: This article is 7,168 words. Click to download the full PDF so that you can reference it later.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I organized the article into a five-step decision-making process:

Step 1: Recognize a Want or Need

Step 2: Form the Consideration Set

Step 3: Evaluate the Options

Step 4: Choose an Option

Step 5: Evaluate the Chosen Option

STEP 1:
RECOGNIZE A WANT OR NEED

The first stage is problem recognition.
In technical terms, people discover that their actual state is worse than their ideal state (Bruner & Pomazal, 1988).
Consumer Behavior - Problem Recognition - Actual State vs Ideal State
Need help with wording and framing? Refer to my copywriting article. This section will focus on choice-related aspects of problem recognition.

Reduce the Guilt of Hedonic Needs

Needs can fall into two categories:
Consumer Behavior - Utilitarian vs Hedonic Needs
All else equal, we gravitate toward utilitarian options. Why? We feel guilty when we consume hedonic products (Okada, 2005).
If you want people to choose a hedonic option, you need to prevent or reduce that guilt. And here’s how…

TACTIC: Separate Hedonic Options from Utilitarian Options

Is your option hedonic? Then remove all nearby utilitarian options.
When people are choosing an option, they compare it to other options within a choice set. If they compare a hedonic option to a utilitarian option, they’ll feel guilty choosing the hedonic option (Okada, 2005).
Choice Tactic - Separate Hedonic Options from Utilitarian Options
How can you separate them? For one, you could present items sequentially (i.e., show one item at a time):
Simultaneous vs Sequential Choice Presentations
Sequential presentations reduce intergroup comparisons:
“…the absence of an explicit comparison in [a sequential presentation] makes it easier to create justifications for the hedonic alternative. In contrast, when multiple alternatives are presented together, each one is evaluated in comparison with the others…” (Okada, 2005, pp. 45)
Here are some other ideas…
  • If you’re a RETAILER, you could put hedonic options on public displays — separated from utilitarian options. For example, car dealerships could place sporty convertibles in the showroom (rather than practical sedans).
  • If you’re an ECOMMERCE STORE, you could add more hedonic categories. If you sell food products, you could add a “Guilty Pleasures” category — which removes all utilitarian options.

TACTIC: Extract an Effortful Action Before Hedonic Choices

People want to indulge…but they need justification.
That’s why people are more willing to work for hedonic options. When people do work — even if it’s unrelated — they feel less guilt:
“…higher required effort shifts consumer preference from necessity to luxury rewards, because higher efforts reduce the guilt that is often associated with choosing luxuries over necessities.” (Kivetz & Simonson, 2002, pp. 155)
To spark hedonic choices, extract any effortful action before the choice.
Choice Tactic - Extract an Effortful Action Before Hedonic Choices
If you’re a RETAILER, you could try stocking hedonic options toward the back of the store — so that people need to walk a longer distance.
Similarly…

TACTIC: Use Hedonic Rewards to Incentive Behavior

Want customers to take a survey? A hedonic incentive will be more enticing than a utilitarian incentive (Kivetz & Simonson, 2002).
Since work is required, people feel justified in indulging. Many will view it as anopportunity, rather than work.
Choice Tactic - Use Hedonic Rewards to Incentive Behavior
You could also incorporate hedonic rewards into loyalty programs, where consumers “work” to achieve rewards. Kivetz and Simonson (2002) found that consumers are more likely to join a loyalty program if the rewards are hedonic.
Specifically, the researchers recommended positioning utilitarian rewards in bottom tiers (and hedonic rewards in upper tiers):
“…a supermarket [loyalty program] might offer $50 in supermarket vouchers for consumers who spend a total of $2,000, whereas consumers who spend $20,000 would be given the option of earning a three-day trip to Las Vegas.” (Kivetz & Simonson, 2002, pp. 169)

TACTIC: Use Virtuous Incentives for Hedonic Options

Suppose that you donate a portion of profits to charity.
FIRST, that’s awesome. Good for you.
SECOND, that initiative will be more effective for hedonic options. Your donations will reduce the guilt of hedonic consumption.
In one study, students were more likely to redeem a coupon — which contained a charity incentive — if the store was hedonic in nature (Strahilevitz & Myers, 1998).
If you’re planning a CSR initiative, consider using it for a hedonic option.
Choice Tactic - Use Virtuous Incentives for Hedonic Options

Match the Consumer’s Motivation

People buy products to promote or prevent something. Consider toothpaste:
  • PROMOTION: Teeth Whitening
  • PREVENTION: Cavity Protection
Depending on that motivation, consumers process information differently (Pham & Chang, 2010).
  • With needs to PROMOTE, you’re concerned with identifying opportunities. You process information from HIGH-LEVEL PERSPECTIVE so that you don’t miss options.
  • With needs to PREVENT, you’re concerned with making errors. You process information from a DETAILED PERSPECTIVE so that you consider the “fine print.”
Those two perspectives influence your perception of options:
Consumer Behavior - Promotion vs. Prevention Needs
Your sales copy should match the consumer’s motivational state. Emphasize the type of information that people are seeking. That “regulatory fit” will be more persuasive — because it’ll feel right (Pham & Chang, 2010).
Here are some tactics to create regulatory fit.

TACTIC: Offer Large Choice Sets for Promotion Needs

With needs to promote, consumers prefer large choice sets:
“…given that promotion-focused consumers are expected to consider more options in general, a larger option set should elicit a greater regulatory fit compared to a smaller option set” (Pham & Chang, 2010, pg. 4)
Choice Tactic - Offer Large Choice Sets for Promotion Needs
How can you identify someone’s motivational state? Oftentimes, you can tell by the product:
“Some products, such as individual stocks and trading accounts, seem to be identified with promotion and the achievement of gains. Other products, such as mutual funds and retirement accounts, seem to be identified with prevention and the avoidance of losses.” (Zhou & Pham, 2004, pp. 133)
Thus, a larger choice set would be better for individual stocks (whereas a smaller choice set would be better for mutual funds).

TACTIC: Use Unstructured Lists for Prevention Needs

You could also adjust option categories — depending on the motivation:
  • PROMOTION: Use tightly structured categories
  • PREVENTION: Use unstructured categories
That finding stems from the mental processing for each need:
  • PROMOTION: Consumers can evaluate categorical options more easily (because they’re focused on the big picture)
  • PREVENTION: Consumers can evaluate single-level formats more easily (because they’re focused on the finer details)
In one study, Pham and Chang (2010) presented one of two restaurant menus: a hierarchical menu or a single-level menu. In each case, participants evaluated their food more favorably when the menu “fit” their motivational state.
Choice Tactic - Use Unstructured Lists for Prevention Needs

STEP 2:
FORM THE CONSIDERATION SET

Once people recognize a problem, they identify solutions in two ways: internal searches and external searches (see Solomon, 2014)
Consumer Behavior - Internal Search vs External Search
Here are some strategies to help you during this stage.

Display the Options Properly

How should you present options? Should you present them altogether? Sequentially? And where should you position your target option?

TACTIC: Present All Options Together

Earlier, I recommended sequential presentations for hedonic options. That way, people can’t compare them with utilitarian options.
However, only use that tactic if your target option triggers a lot of guilt. Usually, simultaneous presentations will be more effective.
Sequential presentations reduce choice satisfaction because people “hope” for a better option:
“…choosers presented with their options simultaneously tend to remain focused on the current set of options, comparing them among each other; whereas choosers presented with their options sequentially tend to imagine a better option, hoping it will become available.” (Mogilner, Shiv, & Iyengar, 2013, pp. 1300)
Choice Tactic - Present All Options Together
Suppose that you sell jewelry. Once you learn the customer’s preferences, don’t bring out a single option. Bring out multiple options.
More importantly, position those options as the “best fitting” options. Crush any hope for a better option.
You can always bring out more options afterward. But you need to prevent the “hope” for a better alternative. Otherwise customers will evaluate current options less favorably.

TACTIC: Place Target Options First or Last in Sequential Presentations

If you need to use a sequential presentation, control your position within the sequence. Ideally, position your target option first or last.
Thanks to primacy and recency effects, we develop a stronger memory — and thus preference — for the first and last positions (Murdock, 1962).
Choice Tactic - Place Target Options First or Last in Sequential Presentations
You should also consider the impact on memory (see Miller & Campbell, 1959).
  • The FIRST ITEM will have a greater impact on LONG-TERM MEMORY
  • The LAST ITEM will have a greater impact on WORKING MEMORY
That finding plays a role in choice distance:
  • Choose the FIRST POSITION when the choice is in the FUTURE
  • Choose the LAST POSITION when the choice is IMMEDIATE
Have an interview coming up? Schedule your interview in accordance with the hiring timeline:
  • GENERAL HIRING NEED → Early Mornings (i.e., first interview of the day)
  • IMMEDIATE HIRING NEED → Late Afternoons (i.e., last interview of the day)
(you can refer to my negotiation article for more interview tips)
This tactic works for sequential presentations. For simultaneous presentations…

TACTIC: Place Target Options in the Center of Simultaneous Presentations

With simultaneous presentations, position your target option in the center. With a line of items, we subconsciously gravitate toward central options.
That tendency influences our behavior everyday:
“Whether people were choosing a product from a grocery shelf, deciding which bathroom stall to use, or marking a box on a questionnaire, they avoided the ends and tended to make their selection from the middle.” (Christenfeld, 1995, pp. 50)
Choice Tactic - Place Target Options in the Center of Simultaneous Presentations
But why are we more likely to choose from the center?
With simultaneous presentations, your eyes are naturally drawn toward the center — because of the central fixation bias (Tatler, 2007). And that triggers a feedback loop known as the central gaze cascade effect (Atalay, Bodur, & Rasolofoarison, 2012).
After viewing the central options, you still need to view the peripheral options. So you move your eyes toward the left. Then you move your eyes toward the right —while crossing over the central options again. Afterward, you move your eyes back to the center for balance.
Central Gaze Cascade Effect in Choice Sets
Now, let’s tally up the eye fixations:
  • Left-Most Options: 1
  • Central Options: 3
  • Right-Most Options: 1
Due to those fixations, central options capture a larger percentage of our focus. And that triggers the feedback loop:
  • The more you look at an option, the more you like it.
  • The more you like an option, the more you look at it.
Because we devote more attention to the central options, we become more likely to choose them.
  • If you’re a MARKETER, position high ROI pricing plans in the middle (with a contrasting color to capture more attention)
  • If you’re a RETAILER, stock high ROI products on middle shelves. Christenfeld (1995) analyzed supermarket data with four rows of products. He found that 71% of people chose products from the middle two rows.

TACTIC: Use Memory-Based Choices for Hedonic Targets

Which choice is better:
  • STIMULUS-BASED: People choose from options that are physically present
  • MEMORY-BASED: People choose from options in their memory
That answer involves cognitive load.
Memory-based choices exert more cognitive load. People need to identify the ideal option while maintaining the consideration set in memory. That’s strenuous:
“…under a stimulus-based procedure, there is no need to recall the relevant options and no need to maintain them in working memory; thus, the task of identifying a favorite occurs in a context of relatively plentiful mental resources.” (Rottenstreich, Sood, & Brenner, 2007, pp. 462)
When you experience cognitive load, you tend to use heuristic processing. You place greater weight on emotional and sensory-rich information. And that’s why hedonic options are better for memory-based choices.
In one study, people were more likely to choose a hedonic food (e.g., chocolate cake) when they chose from memorized set of options (Rottenstreich, Sood, & Brenner, 2007).
If your target option is hedonic, remove all the options from view before requesting the final choice.
Choice Tactic - Use Memory-Based Choices for Hedonic Targets

Add or Emphasize Variety Within Your Set

Perceived variety is a powerful factor in choice. Researchers have connected it to various benefits:
Here are some ways to maximize the perceived variety of your set.

TACTIC: Create Subcategorical Labels for Product Features

When people eat food, they become full (i.e., “satiated”). Likewise, people satiate on experiences. And that’s bad. You need to reduce satiation.
So…why do people become satiated?
Inman (2001) found that people satiate on sensory features (e.g., taste), rather than non-sensory features (e.g., brand). If consumers encounter the same sensory experience, they’ll get “full.”
They’ll either:
  • Switch to a competitor
  • Stop purchasing altogether
Both are discouraging.
To prevent satiation, emphasize the variety within your set. In one study, people ate more candy when it was sorted by color (Kahn & Wansink, 2004). That assortment increased perceived variety — which enticed people to take more.
Impact of Choice Assortment on Perceived Variety
Redden (2008) found another way to increase perceived variety:subcategorization.
“…people satiate less if they categorize the consumption episodes at lower levels. For instance, as people ate more jelly beans, their enjoyment declined less quickly when the candy was categorized specifically (e.g., cherry, orange) rather than generally (e.g., jelly bean).” (pp. 624)
By subcategorizing an activity, you highlight the differences within that activity. In turn, people feel less satiated because it seems less repetitive.
In a follow up study, people were more likely to keep studying if they focused on a subcategorical label:
Subcategorical Labels and Satiation
Suppose that you have a SaaS business. Let’s call it “Acme.”
You could label your primary features with your company name:
  • AUTOMATION → Acme Automation
  • CRM → Acme CRM
  • ANALYTICS → Acme Analytics
Whenever you reference those features, you could use those labels:
  • NO LABEL: “With Acme, you can automate XYZ”
  • LABEL: “With Acme Automation, you can automate XYZ.”
With those labels, you subcategorize your offering. Suddenly your features become separate entities.
In turn, those labels subconsciously increase the perceived variety of your offering. And that gives you two benefits:
  • Your offering becomes more enticing for prospective customers
  • You reduce satiation (and thus churn) for current customers
Choice Tactic - Create subcategorical Labels for Product Features
Plus, customers will reference your features using those subcategories (e.g., “Acme Automation”). And that’s great for SEO. You’ll increase keyword co-occurrence. Search engines will associate those keywords with your company.
This tactic might be clunky from a branding perspective. So it’s just an idea. But the main takeaway is that subcategorical framing will reduce satiation.

TACTIC: Add Visuals in Early Stages of Choice

Townsend and Kahn (2014) found support for the visual preference heuristic. Consumers prefer visual choice sets because the imagery increases perceived variety.
Why does that happen?
We process images in a gestalt manner. We look at the whole. And that’s faster (and less deliberate) than text-based processing.
Choice Tactic - Add Visuals in Beginning Choice Stages
Be careful, though. Visuals work best in early choice stages:
“…it would be beneficial to have the upfront information about the store and its products presented in a visual manner [on the homepage], emphasizing the ease of the decision process and amount of variety. Then, at the point of actual consideration for purchase, on the product offerings pages a more text-based interface should cause consumers to slow down, review each option more carefully, and be less likely to opt out of choice.” (Townsend & Kahn, 2014 pg. 19)

TACTIC: Present Small Choice Sets in a Disorganized Assortment

Have a small choice set? Then you need some extra oomph to maximize variety.
In that case, adjust the organization of your set.
In one study, children took more jelly beans from a small set when the assortment was unstructured (Kahn & Wansink, 2004). The disorganization increased perceived variety:
“…[in large sets] a disorganized assortment can make it more difficult for consumers to recognize and appreciate the full extent of the variety. By contrast, for small sets, the organization of the assortment may make it relatively obvious that there are not many alternatives available, whereas disorganization can obscure this fact and increase perception of variety.” (Kahn & Wansink, 2004, pp. 520)
Choice Tactic - Present Small Choice Sets in a Disorganized Assortment

Reduce the Negative Effects of Large Choice Sets

Most of you are probably familiar with the paradox of choice. If so, you’re probably tired of hearing about the jam study.
Long story short: more options can lead to choice overload. People feel overwhelmed, and they become less likely to choose.
But that finding is somewhat controversial. Recently, a meta-analysis revealed that the effect might be smaller than we thought (Scheibehenne, Greifeneder, & Todd, 2010). Across all studies, the mean effect size was zero.
However, Chernev, Bockenholt, and Goodman (2015) clarified things. They identified four factors when choice overload occurs:
  • FACTOR 1: Complex choices
  • FACTOR 2: Difficult choices
  • FACTOR 3: Uncertain preferences
  • FACTOR 4: High effort choices
In those situations, large choice sets are harmful. So you’ll need to reduce their negative effects.

TACTIC: Add More Categories in Large Choice Sets

Why are large choice sets overwhelming? Because consumers need to identify differences among many options.
However, categories can simplify that process:
“…because categories allow choosers to perceive the variety available in extensive choice sets, an increased number of categories may be able to alleviate the detrimental effects of choice overload.” (Mogilner, Rudnick, & Iyengar, 2008, pp. 211)
Even if those categories are absurd or unrelated (e.g., “Category A”, “Category B”), consumers still search for meaning in those categories. So they’ll still find differences more easily.
Choice Tactic - Add More Categories in Large Choice Sets
In addition, categorization acts like a chunking mechanism. For example, we chunk phone numbers to make them easier to remember:
Choice Categories and Chunking
Likewise, categories can make a large choice set cognitively manageable.

TACTIC: Categorize Large Choice Sets by High-Level Benefits

Be careful if your options are very different. Too much variety can backfire in large choice sets.
In large sets, you should usually increase the perceived similarity of options. That way, you reduce information overload.
How can you increase the similarity? Xu, Jiang, and Dhar (2013) triggered an abstract mindset:
“…consumers with an abstract representation perceive the options in the assortment as being more similar and accordingly experience less choice difficulty…” (pp. 548)
But how do you trigger an abstract mindset?
For one, you could emphasize the high-level benefits of your options (Xu, Jiang, & Dhar, 2013). Consumers will start evaluating your options from a broader standpoint.
And you could do the opposite with smaller choice sets. Emphasize concrete features so that you trigger a detail-oriented mindset. Those details will accentuate differences between options — thus increasing the perceived variety of your set.
Second, you could also adjust the categorization of your options:
“…grouping various products in the oral care aisle by subcategories (e.g., toothpaste, mouthwash, floss in distinct shelves) rather than by brands (e.g.. Crest, Colgate) would likely result in a more abstract representation and consequently less choice difficulty and greater satisfaction.” (Xu, Jiang, & Dhar, 2013, pp. 558)
Choice Tactic - Categorize Large Choice Sets by High-Level Benefits

TACTIC: Place Utilitarian Targets in Large Choice Sets

Consumers are more likely to choose utilitarian and virtuous options in large choice sets (Sela, Berger, & Liu, 2009).
  • Eating at a restaurant? With small menus, you’re more likely to choose the pizza. With large menus, you’re more likely to choose the Caesar salad.
  • Watching a movie? With small choice sets, you’re more likely to choose an inappropriate comedy. With large choice sets, you’re more likely to choose an award-winning drama.
Sela, Berger, and Liu (2009) ran multiple studies, and they attributed that phenomenon to the guilty nature of hedonic options.
With large choice sets, people have trouble deciding. So they tend to choose options that are more justifiable (i.e., utilitarian and virtuous options).
Choice Tactic - Place Utilitarian Targets in Large Choice Sets
If you’re selling a utilitarian or virtuous product, focus on venues and retailers with large selections:
“…manufacturers of healthy snacks would be better off pursuing venues with larger selections. Similarly, an award-winning (but nonentertaining) movie might be better off shown in a 21-screen multiplex theater rather than a small two-screen theater when rivaling shoot-’em-up action flicks.” (Sela, Berger, & Liu, 2009, pp. 950)

STEP 3:
EVALUATE THE OPTIONS

Next, people evaluate the options. This step might seem straightforward — but it’s the most complex part of the choice process.
I’ve excluded parts of the cognitive process for brevity. But I’ll eventually update this article with a video explaining those steps. You can subscribe to my blog to stay updated on it.

Properly Frame the Attributes and Descriptions

How should you communicate the features and benefits of your target options? Here are some tactics.

TACTIC: Partition Favorable Products and Attributes

When you present people with multiple options, they tend to distribute resourcesequally across those options:
“…[for] decision tasks in which people are called on to allocate a scarce resource (e.g., money, choices, belief) over a fixed set of possibilities (e.g., investment opportunities, consumption options, events)…they are biased toward even allocation.” (Fox, Bardolet, & Lieb, 2005, pp. 338)
How can you apply that finding?
You should separate favorable products and attributes into multiple categories. That way, favorable options receive more allocated resources.
For example, you could separate a healthy food category into multiple categories:
Choice Tactic - Partition Favorable Products and Attributes - Example 1
…or you could partition safer investment funds:
Choice Tactic - Partition Favorable Products and Attributes - Example 2
The same applies to product attributes:
“…attributes that are displayed as separate categories tend to receive greater decision weight than attributes grouped under umbrella categories.” (Martin & Norton, 2009, pp. 908)
Consider car attributes. Those attributes can be…
  • PRACTICAL (e.g., safety, mileage, warranty)
  • STYLISH (e.g., design, stereo, horsepower)
However, the practical attributes play a larger role in the decision. So you want to maximize their perceived importance.
Martin and Norton (2009) accomplished that goal by separating practical attributes into additional categories. Those separate categories helped funnel more attention to the important attributes. With more attention on important attributes, people were more likely to choose a car.

TACTIC: Emphasize Noncomplementary Features Within a Brand

You’re buying toothpaste. And you’re choosing between two brands:
  • BRAND A differentiates their toothpaste by FUNCTION (e.g., teeth whitening, cavity protection, breath freshening)
  • BRAND B differentiates their toothpaste by FLAVOR (e.g., mint, lemon, cinnamon)
All else equal, you’re more likely to buy BRAND B. And the answer involvesnoncomplementary features (Chernev, 2005).
  • COMPLEMENTARY FEATURES are additive. If you blend teeth whitening with cavity protection, you create a superior offering.
  • NONCOMPLEMENTARY FEATURES are NOT additive. If you blend mint with lemon, the inherent value doesn’t change.
Chernev (2005) tested complementary vs. noncomplementary choice sets. And people were less likely to choose from complementary choice sets. Why? Because complementary features reinforce a sense of inferiority:
“Consider an offering featuring a single attribute (e.g., cavity prevention toothpaste). Adding an option differentiated by a complementary feature (e.g., tartar control) highlights an attribute dimension on which the original product is inferior, thus decreasing its overall attractiveness.” (Chernev, 2005, pp. 749)
Choice Tactic - Emphasize Noncomplementary Features Within a Brand
The takeaway? Within a single brand, differentiate options by noncomplementary features. If you want to target people interested in other complementary features, add a separate brand to your product line.

TACTIC: Emphasize Feature-Level Attributes for Comparable Options

Earlier, I described abstract mindsets.
With large choice sets, you should emphasize high-level benefits so that consumers evaluate options from a broad standpoint. That way, you increase the perceived similarity among options (thus reducing choice overload).
A similar concept occurs with option comparability. For example:
  • COMPARABLE: Netflix vs. Hulu
  • NON-COMPARABLE: Netflix vs. Spotify Premium
With abstract mindsets, comparable options seem too similar. Consumers need to switch from an abstract mindset to a feature-level mindset. And that depletes mental resources — lowering choice likelihood (Cho, Khan, & Dhar, 2013).
But here’s how to resolve that issue:
  • With COMPARABLE OPTIONS, emphasize LOW-LEVEL ATTRIBUTES. If a consumer is choosing between Netflix and Hulu, they’ll focus on price, number of screens/devices, HD availability, etc.
  • With NON-COMPARABLE OPTIONS, emphasize HIGH-LEVEL BENEFITS. If a consumer is choosing between Netflix and Spotify, they’ll focus on overall enjoyment between TV/movies and music.
Always consider the competing options in the choice environment. Then adjust your copy and framing accordingly.
Choice Tactic - Emphasize Feature-Level Attributes for Comparable Options

TACTIC: Emphasize High-Level Benefits for Distant Choice Tasks

A similar process occurs with choice distance.
When people are planning a future event, they develop an abstract mindset (Cho, Khan, & Dhar, 2013). So high-level benefits are more effective (and vice versa for immediate choices).
  • For IMMEDIATE CHOICES, emphasize LOW-LEVEL ATTRIBUTES
  • For DISTANT CHOICES, emphasize HIGH-LEVEL BENEFITS
Suppose that someone is planning a vacation:
“Depending on whether the client plans to travel in the distant or near future, a travel agent could highlight either the differences in overall “hedonic value” (e.g. rating out of 100) or the unique feature-level attributes of each destination (e.g., nightlife in Jamaica; scuba-diving in Aruba) in order to encourage choice…” (Cho, Khan, & Dhar, 2013, pg. 32)
Choice Tactic - Emphasize High-Level Benefits for Distant Choice Tasks

TACTIC: Emphasize High Performance on a Subset of Attributes

Consider three brands of toothpaste. Each brand has a different positioning:
  • BRAND A: Emphasizes teeth whitening
  • BRAND B: Emphasizes cavity protection
  • BRAND C: Emphasizes both teeth whitening and cavity protection
Thanks to the zero-sum heuristic, consumers will perceive BRAND C to be the least effective on those two attributes (Chernev, 2007).
Why? Chernev (2007) found that consumers evaluate attributes in a compensatory fashion. Brands can’t be strong across all attributes:
“…a product specializing on a single attribute is perceived to be superior on that attribute relative to an all-in-one option, even when this attribute is exactly the same for both options.” (Chernev, 2007, pp. 430)
When positioning your product, avoid an all-in-one strategy. Instead, determine the benefits that are most important to your target market. Then emphasize your performance on those benefits.
Still want more market share? Just pinpoint another segment of people who value other criteria. Then create a separate brand emphasizing those attributes.
Choice Tactic - Emphasize High Performance on a Subset of Attributes

TACTIC: Raise Undesirable Attributes Above Zero

Some attributes can be undesirable (e.g., calories in food). If your option successfully removes that attribute, you might feel inclined to promote it (e.g., “0 calories”).
But that’s sometimes the wrong approach. And here’s why…
Consumers evaluate options using relative comparisons. They compare options to each other. Consider two brands of yogurt:
  • BRAND A: 5 grams of fat
  • BRAND B: 1 gram of fat
In that example, consumers know that BRAND A has 5x more fat than BRAND B. The comparison is meaningful.
Now, let’s replace BRAND B with BRAND C:
  • BRAND A: 5 grams of fat
  • BRAND C: 0 gram of fat
In that example, consumers can’t use a relative comparison. The difference is infinite. Consumers need to evaluate 5 grams of fat in absolute terms — which is less meaningful:
“…compared to zero, any number is infinitely larger, so this type of comparison becomes meaningless. In this case, consumers lose the reference point that allows them to use relative comparisons…” (Palmeira, 2011, pp. 16)
Albeit counterintuitive, you can increase the perceived value of an option by raising undesirable attributes above zero.
Palmeira (2011) conducted multiple studies and found support for that zero-comparison effect. People were more likely to choose a hi-fi system with a small audio distortion (compared to a system with no distortion).
Choice Tactic - Raise Undesirable Attributes Above Zero
The application works both ways:
  • With UNDESIRABLE ATTRIBUTES, be careful with zero magnitudes. One gram of fat is often better than zero grams of fat.
  • With DESIRABLE ATTRIBUTES, avoid very small magnitudes. Even if your option has a slightly higher magnitude than zero, you might want to round down to zero so that you prevent relative comparisons.

TACTIC: Add More Attributes to Hedonic Options

When describing your options, consider the sheer number of attributes:
“…some rental car websites (e.g., Avis.com) highlight only a few key features of each vehicle (e.g., category, passenger capacity), whereas others (e.g., Hertz.com) list dozens of attributes under each option (e.g., cargo room, gas mileage, safety and entertainment features).” (Sela & Berger, 2012, pp. 942)
So which route is best? You should add more attributes when your option is hedonic. It’s due to the guilty nature of hedonic consumption.
Even if your attributes are slightly repetitive or meaningless — it doesn’t matter. The sheer number will make your hedonic option seem more justifiable (Sela & Berger, 2012).
Choice Tactic - Add More Attributes to Hedonic Options

TACTIC: Arrange Attributes from Strongest to Weakest

When evaluating options, we succumb to leader-driven primacy effects.
Upon viewing options, we immediately pinpoint the prime candidate. And then we become biased. We start looking for information to support our hypothesis.
“Leader-driven primacy uses initial product information to install a targeted brand as the early leader in a choice between two brands. Biased evaluation of subsequent attributes builds support for the targeted brand, causing the choice itself to be biased.” (Carlson, Meloy, & Russo, 2006 pp. 513)
That’s why you need to arrange attributes from strongest to weakest. Your option needs to become the early leader.
Choice Tactic - Arrange Attributes From Strongest to Weakest
If you display a comparison table with your competition, put your strongest attributes at the top.

Guide the Focus Toward Your Target Option

Favorable options attract attention. In turn, people become more likely to choose them.
However, that process also works in reverse. The more you look at an option, the more you tend to choose it (Armel, Beaumel, & Rangle, 2008). Thus, your option needs to merely capture attention.
Here are some ideas…

TACTIC: Add Visual or Sensory Cues to Target Options

Earlier, I mentioned the central gaze cascade effect.
One mechanism behind that effect is processing fluency. The more you look at a stimulus, the faster your brain can process it. Because that fluency feels good, you misattribute that pleasantness to the stimulus.
That’s why you should make target options distinct from other options. That contrast will capture more attention — influencing preference and choice.
Choice Tactic - Add Visual or Sensory Cues to Target Options
The distinction could be visual (e.g., color, size, shape). But any sensory cue will work.
For example, Shen and Sengupta (2014) placed a loudspeaker above two adjacent vending machines. The researchers influenced the choice of machine by playing a news broadcast. The audio guided people’s attention toward the machine that was closest to the noise.
That finding plays a role in other contexts too — such as retail:
“…in the store, a salesperson might chat with a consumer who is deliberating over two options. Even if the chat has nothing to do with the products in question, the consumer is likely to end up paying more visual attention to the option that is located near the salesperson and, therefore, will be more likely to choose it.” (Shen & Sengupta, 2014, pg. 19)

TACTIC: Recommended an Option

People want their choice to be easy. So make it easy. Recommend an option.
For the research, you can refer to my article on conversion optimization. The major factors include conformity (Tactic 17) and default options (Tactic 18).
You can use recommendations in different ways:
  • WEB DESIGNER: Emphasize the “most popular” pricing plan
  • RESTAURANT: Highlight menu options with a high ROI
  • RETAILER: Create product displays with recommended options
Choice Tactic - Recommend an Option

TACTIC: Stock Lesser-Known Brands in Narrow Aisles

Want to nudge people toward a unique, distinctive, or uncommon option? Then crowd the customer’s space.
“…a relatively small, physically restrictive space activates feelings of confinement and consequently a perceived threat to one’s freedom. As a result, threatened individuals are likely to exhibit reactance in the form of acts aimed at regaining their freedom.” (Levav & Zhu, 2009, pg. 1)
They regain that freedom by choosing a unique option.
In one study, Levav and Zhu (2009) found that people choose unique products when retail aisles are narrow. The same occurred in another study when people were breaching someone’s personal space (Xu, Shen, & Wyer, 2012).
That finding has implications for marketers and retailers:
  • In SMALL AND CROWDED SETTINGS, consumers will be more adventurous. Retailers should maximize the variety of their products. And marketers should stock lesser-known brands.
  • In LARGE AND SPACIOUS SETTINGS, consumers will be less adventurous. Retailers should focus on the top brands. And marketers should stock their best-performing products.
Choice Tactic - Stock Lesser-Known Brands in Narrow Aisles

TACTIC: Use Forfeiture Tasks for Hedonic Targets

Which choice task is better:
  • ACQUISITION: Ask people which option(s) they want
  • FORFEITURE: Ask people which option(s) they don’t want
Dhar and Wertenbroch (2000) found that forfeiture tasks influence people to choose hedonic options:
“…the relative salience of hedonic dimensions is greater when consumers decide which of several items to give up (forfeiture choices) than when they decide which item to acquire (acquisition choices).” (pp. 60)
With forfeiture tasks, consumers experience greater mental elaboration — which funnels their attention toward the sensory and imagery-evoking benefits of options (i.e., the hedonic qualities).
The takeaway? When your option is hedonic, transform the choice into a forfeiture task. Ask consumers which items they don’t want.
Choice Tactic - Use Forfeiture Tasks for Hedonic Choices
But the implications stem beyond choice task. When you switch products or brands, for example, sometimes you forfeit benefits in the current option:
“Consider, for example, someone who is debating between two apartments. One has a nicer view (a relatively hedonic feature), but the other provides a shorter commute to work (a relatively utilitarian feature). If the person’s current apartment has a nice view and a short commute, the choice will be viewed as a forfeiture decision…” (Dhar & Werternbroch, 2000, pp. 61)
Here are some other ways to apply that finding:

Avoid Cutting Hedonic Features from Products

Do you need to remove features from a product? Avoid removing hedonic features:
“…consumers may be more reluctant to accept cuts on the more hedonic dimensions. In contrast, adding the same hedonic benefits may have relatively less impact on market share than would adding more utilitarian benefits.” (Dhar & Werternbroch, 2000, pp. 69)

Offer Buyout Options for Hedonic Items

Are people renting or leasing an option from you? If that item is hedonic, you could offer a buyout option at the end:
“…marketers may be able to add a hedonic premium to the buyout option price at which lessees of luxury or sports cars can buy their vehicles at the end of the lease term…we suspect that buyout rates are higher for these hedonic cars than for more utilitarian ones, such as compact cars or minivans.” (Dhar & Werternbroch, 2000, pp. 69-70)

TACTIC: Add Decoy Options to Guide the Choice

To simplify a choice, you could add a decoy option.
With decoy options, you don’t expect consumers to choose them. Instead, they increase or decrease the choice share of other options.
When people see a clearly superior option, their choice becomes easier:
“…choice deferral may be greater when no single alternative is easily seen as the best, even though each option by itself is quite attractive.” (Dhar & Nowlis, 1999, pp. 382)
You might have heard about the study with Economist magazine (see Ariely, 2009). Imagine three subscriptions:
  • OPTION A: Online subscription for $59
  • OPTION B: Print subscription for $125
  • OPTION C: Online and print subscription for $125
At first glance, OPTION B seems like a mistake. Any rational human would choose the online and print subscription for the same price. And that’s what happened. Nobody chose it.
However, OPTION B shifted choice share away from OPTION A. More people chose OPTION C — the more expensive subscription — generating more overall revenue.
Decoy options are part of a larger category known as context effects. Roderick, Van Heerde, and Bijmolt (2011) explain three types of context effects:
  1. Attraction Effect
  2. Compromise Effect
  3. Similarity Effect

1. Attraction Effect

Consistent with the subscription example, people are more likely to choose a similar — yet superior — option in a choice set.
Choice Context - Attraction Effect

2. Compromise Effect

People are more likely to choose a compromise option: an option in the middle of two extremes.
Choice Context - Compromise Effect

3. Similarity Effect

Newly added options will steal a greater amount of choice share from similar options (compared to dissimilar options).
Choice Context - Similarity Effect

STEP 4:
CHOOSE AN OPTION

This step is intertwined with the evaluation process. But you can use a few strategies to further nudge people toward your target option.

Use Priming to Influence Their Choice

Certain words and images can influence people to adopt a choice strategy. This section will help you prime the best type of strategy.

TACTIC: Use Designs That Match the Desired Choice Strategy

Our environment subconsciously influences our perception and behavior. Even geometric patterns can dictate our choice strategy.
For example, Maimaran and Wheeler (2008) asked people to choose three chocolates. People were more likely to choose different chocolates if they were exposed to a varied geometric pattern (e.g., △OO△O△), compared to a repetitive pattern (e.g., OOOOOO).
In a follow up study, people were more likely to choose distinctive products if they were exposed to a distinctive pattern (e.g., OOOO△OO vs. OOOOOOO).
Use that finding when planning your designs:
  • If your goal is VARIETY-SEEKING, use designs with heterogeneity. Incorporate a wide array of colors, shapes, and sizes in the choice environment (e.g., packaging, shopping carts, etc.).
  • If your goal is a UNIQUE CHOICE, use designs with elements that pop out.
In both cases, people will be more likely to adopt a congruent choice strategy.
Choice Tactic - Use Designs That Match the Desired Choice Strategy
In fact, this finding could have broader implications:
“…in social contexts, exposure to an array such as OO       O could activate separation and alienation, whereas exposure to an array such as OOcould activate friendship and closeness, leading to different behaviors and judgments.” (Maimaran & Wheeler, 2007, pp. 739)
Always consider the visual context of your choice. Incorporate design elements that are congruent with the ideal option or choice strategy.

TACTIC: Use Variety-Seeking Language for New Customers

Pay attention to the wording near your options. Certain words can prime certain mindsets.
For example, Fishbach, Ratner, and Zang (2011) gave people a survey attached to a children’s book. The researchers analyzed the effects of different book titles:
  • CONDITION 1: “The Loyal Cat”
  • CONDITION 2: “Bored! Bored! Bored!”
  • CONDITION 3: control — no title
Those titles influenced people’s evaluation of products in the survey.
  • The “loyal” title decreased choice variety.
  • The “bored” title increased variety
Always consider the words in your copy:
  • If you’re marketing to CURRENT CUSTOMERS, use loyalty-related words. Those concepts will activate a need for consistency.
  • If you’re marketing to NEW CUSTOMERS, use boredom or satiation-related words. Those concepts will activate a need for variety.
Choice Tactic - Use Variety-Seeking Language for New Customers
Sure, it’s nitpicky. And it probably won’t produce drastic changes. But it’s a good reminder about the subconscious impact of wording.

TACTIC: Ask People Which Options They Prefer

Oftentimes, choices occur in two steps:
  • STEP 1: People decide whether they want an option
  • STEP 2: People decide which option they want
You can influence people to choose your option by skipping the first step. How? Prime a which-to-choose mindset.
It’s surprisingly easy.
Xu and Wyer (2008) simply asked people which animal they prefer: an elephant orhippo. And…that’s it. That question primed a which-to-choose mindset. In turn, those people were more likely to buy an unrelated product.
But don’t worry. You don’t need to ask people to choose an animal. Simply ask them which option(s) they prefer:
“…simply asking consumers which of two products they would prefer can have a similar impact. Stating a preference appears to induce a which-to-buy mindset, leading people to think about which of several products they would like to buy under the implicit assumption that they have already decided to buy one of them.” (Xu & Wyer, 2007, pp. 564)
Choice Tactic - Ask People Which Options They Prefer
Also, you should usually offer more than one option. People tend to experiencesingle-option aversion (Mochon, 2013). When given a single option, we’re more likely to defer that choice.
  • A single option reinforces a whether-to-choose mindset
  • Multiple options reinforce a which-to-choose mindset
For more examples, refer to Tactic 20 in my article on conversion optimization.

STEP 5:
EVALUATE THE CHOSEN OPTION

Immediately after choosing, people are uncertain.
  • Are they happy with the choice?
  • Should they return the product?
  • Will they purchase again?
In a marketing context, that post-evaluation is crucial. If they’re unhappy with the choice…
  • They could return the product
  • They could never purchase again
  • They could spread negative word-of-mouth
When people start to doubt their choice, they resolve that dissonance in two ways:
  • They INCREASE the value of CHOSEN OPTIONS
  • They DECREASE the value of UNCHOSEN OPTIONS
This section will help you with both sides.

Reinforce the Value of Chosen Options

Once people make a choice, they’ll seek validation. They’ll look for reasons to support it.
That’s why you should have mechanisms that reinforce the value of chosen options. For example…

TACTIC: Place Testimonials After Choices (And Before Consumption)

Nowadays, you can grab fake reviews of anything. So people have become more skeptical of testimonials.
Need convincing?
I just created a fake company by reversing my last name. Here’s a real testimonial that I acquired for ADNELOK. Pay close attention to the wording:
(Call me crazy…but that $5 was totally worth it. Thanks, Fiverr.)
Testimonials can be effective. However, most people use them before a choice. Surprisingly, they might be more effective after a choice:
  • BEFORE A CHOICE, consumers are skeptical. You want their money…and they know it. So many of them will doubt the sincerity of testimonials.
  • AFTER A CHOICE, everything changes. Now, consumers are actively seekingvalidation to reduce their dissonance. So give them a testimonial. They’ll be more likely to trust it because of confirmation bias (Nickerson, 1998).
Ideally, those testimonials should also appear before consumption. Why? Because those testimonials will increase the consumer’s expectations.
When they eventually consume your product or service, they’ll have a more favorable experience because of their heightened expectations (see Lee, Frederick, & Ariely, 2006). In the long run, you’ll have happier customers who either (a) purchase again or (b) remain subscribed.
Choice Tactic - Place Testimonials After Choices And Before Consumption

Reduce the Saliency of Unchosen Options

Oftentimes, consumers resolve dissonance by seeking negative information about unchosen options.
You should probably avoid badmouthing your products. However, you should reduce the saliency and presence of those unchosen options. Otherwise you’ll be taunting the customer — worsening their dissonance.

TACTIC: Remove or Close All Unchosen Options

Once people choose an option, don’t let them second-guess. Remove the leftover options so that you guide all attention on their choice.
Gu, Botti, and Faro (2013) found a powerful technique: physical closure.
“…physical acts that are metaphorically associated with the concept of closure (such as covering or turning a page on the rejected alternatives) trigger choice closure in the context of difficult choices.” (pg. 2)
In one of their studies, people gave higher evaluations of chocolate if they covered the container lid. In another study, people gave higher evaluations of a tea if they closed the menu after choosing.
Choice Tactic - Remove or Close All Unchosen Alternatives
The researchers offered some other implications:
  • In a RETAIL CONTEXT, salespeople could position customers away from options (i.e., turning their back) once they make a choice. Or salespeople could move the option to another location.
  • In an ONLINE CONTEXT, you could ask customers to click and cancel the options that they didn’t choose.

CONCLUSION

This article focused on tactics. But the psychology of choice is more complex.
Moving forward, I’ll add new insights periodically to fill in those missing gaps. This article will be an ongoing endeavor.
Want to stay updated? You can subscribe to my blog. That way, you’ll know whenever I post new content (about once a month). I try to make every article worth your time.
Ready for another topic? You might enjoy my article on pricing or copywriting.


Resource: http://www.nickkolenda.com/choice-psychology/?utm_campaign=Submission&utm_medium=Community&utm_source=GrowthHackers.com


Able To Prove God, Jesus Christ, The Holy Bible To Be Fact!!!

How to Whiten Your Skin Naturally - 100% Guarantee!

natural anti-aging shortcuts

the fat burning kitchen

Top secret fat loss


Love this Post? Spread the Word.


Berapa sih nilai dari blog gue DALAM DOLLAR  ? http://richardnata.blogspot.com/2015/04/berapa-sih-nilai-dari-blog-gue-dalam.html


Need a professional writer? Fiction and non-fiction? contact richard.nata@yahoo.co.id
Let me introduce myself. My name is Richard Nata. I am an author, novelist, blogger and ghost writer. My articles, including short stories have been published in magazines and newspapers since 1994. I have written a lot of books, both fiction and non-fiction. So I was a professional in the field of writing, both fiction and non-fiction.

I was born in Jakarta, August 17, 1968.  

In 1988, at the age of 20 years, I started working as an accounting staff. Age 24 years has occupied the position of Finance Manager. Age 26 years as a General Manager.

In 1994, my articles published in magazines and tabloids.

In 1997, I wrote a book entitled "Buku Pintar Mencari Kerja". This book is reprinted as much as 8 times. Through the book, the authors successfully helped tens of thousands of people get jobs at once successful in their careers. They were also successful when moving to work in other places.

In 1998, I started investing in shares on Bursa Efek Indonesia (Indonesia stock exchange). As a result of investing in the stock market then I can provide consulting services for companies that want to go public in Indonesia stock exchange.

more information :
1. IPO KAN PERUSAHAAN ANDA DI BEI, TRIK TERCEPAT MENJADIKAN ANDA SEORANG KONGLOMERAT. brand, ideas, story, style, my life: IPO KAN PERUSAHAAN ANDA DI BEI, TRIK TERCEPAT MENJADIKAN ANDA SEORANG KONGLOMERAT.
2. JASA KONSULTAN GO PUBLIC ( IPO ) DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA. 


BUKU PINTAR DAPAT KERJA GAJI TINGGI PINDAH KERJA GAJI SEMAKIN TINGGI made by retyping the book BEST SELLER of the author, entitled “Buku Pintar Mencari Kerja”. This ebook available on google play.

In 2015, I had the idea of a startup company where the readers can decide for themselves the next story. WASN'T THIS A GREAT IDEA? IF can be realized WILL BE WORTH billions USD. Because CAN PRODUCE FOR MILLIONS OF DOLLARS even tens of millions USD annually. 

In theory, in 10-20 years into the future, my startup income, amounting to hundreds of million USD annually can be obtained easily. AND IF FOLLOWED BY MANY COMPANIES IN THE WHOLE WORLD WILL THEN BE A NEW INDUSTRIAL worth trillions USD. 

To be honest. Currently I'm not having a lot of money. So I start marketing my startup with blogspot.

My STARTUP :


A story with millions of choices in it - looking investor like you.



Try to imagine this. When you're reading a story on the web or blog, you are given two choices. You can choose the next story based on your own choice. After selecting then you can continue reading the story. Shortly afterwards you will be presented back to the 2 other options. The next choice is up to you. Then you continue the story you are reading. After that you will be faced again with 2 choices. So onwards. The more stories you read so the more options you have taken.


If you feel curious then you can re-read the story by changing your selection. Then you will see a different story with the story that you have read previously. The question now is why is this so? Because the storyline will be varying according to your choice. 


I, as the author is planning to make tens of thousands of articles with millions of choices in it. With tens of thousands of articles then you like to see a show of your favorite series on TV for several years. The difference is while watching your favorite TV series, then you can not change the story. Meanwhile, if you read this story then you can alter the way the story according to your own choice.

You might say like this. Sounds like a book "choose your own adventure". Books I read when I was young.

Correctly. The idea is taken from there. But if you read through a book, the story is not so exciting. Due to the limited number of pages. When a child first you may already feel interesting. But if you re-read the book now then becomes no fun anymore because you don't get anything with the amount of 100-200 pages. 

Have you ever heard of game books?  When you were boy or girl, did you like reading game books? I think you've heard even happy to read it.

Gamebooks are sometimes informally called choose your own adventure books or CYOA which is also the name of the Choose Your Own Adventure series published byBantam Books. Gamebook - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Gamebook - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A gamebook is a work of fiction that allows the reader to participate in the story by making effective choices. The narrative branches along various paths through the use of numbered paragraphs or pages.
Lihat di en.wikipedia.org
Lihat preview menurut Yahoo

Bantam Books with the Choose Your Own Adventure 

series has produced more than 250 million US 

dollars. While I offer you more powerful than the Choose 

Your Own Adventure. Because of what? Because the 

story that I made much more interesting than the stories 

created by the authors of Bantam Books. You will not get anything just to 100-200 pages. While the story that I created is made up of tens of thousands of articles with millions of choices in it.

For comparison are the books published with the theme "choose your own adventure" produces more than 250 million copies worldwide. If the average price of a book for 5 USD, the industry has produced more than 1.5 billion USD. But unfortunately this industry has been abandoned because the reader begins to feel bored. The last book was published entitled "The Gorillas of Uganda (prev." Search for the Mountain Gorillas ")". And this book was published in 2013.

Based on the above, then you are faced with two choices. Are you interested in reading my story is? Or you are not interested at all. The choice is in your hands.
If you are interested then spread widely disseminated this article to your family, friends, neighbors, and relatives. You can also distribute it on facebook, twitter, goggle +, or other social media that this article be viral in the world. By doing so it is a new entertainment industry has been created.

Its creator named Richard Nata.

The full articles that talks about this: 
1. A Story That Surprised The World.  http://richardnata.blogspot.com/2015/03/a-story-that-surprised-world.html
  




WHY DO I NEED STARTUP FUNDS FROM INVESTORS? I NEED A LOT OF FUNDS FROM INVESTORS BECAUSE I HAVE TO LOOKING FOR EXPERT PROGRAMMERS(IT).BECAUSE THE DATA IS HANDLED IS VERY LARGE, IT MAY HAVE TO WEAR SOME PROGRAMMERS(IT).

I CAN NOT WEAR SOME FREELANCE PROGRAMMER BECAUSE THE DATA MUST BE MONITORED CONTINUOUSLY FROM VIRUSES, MALWARE, SPAM, AND OTHERS.

IN ADDITION FUNDS FROM INVESTORS IS ALSO USED TO BUY SERVERS WITH VERY LARGE CAPACITY. FUNDS ARE ALSO USED TO PAY EMPLOYEE SALARIES AND OPERATIONAL COSTS OF THE COMPANY.

FUNDS CAN ALSO BE USED FOR ADVERTISING AND OTHER MARKETING STRATEGIES.FUNDS CAN ALSO BE USED TO ADVERTISE MY STARTUP AND OTHER MARKETING STRATEGIES.

IF I GET A VERY LARGE FUND, THE PART OF THE FUNDS USED TO TRANSLATE THE STORY INTO VARIOUS LANGUAGES.With more and more languages, the more readers we get.
WITH MORE AND MORE READERS, THE MORE REVENUE WE GET. 

AS AN INVESTOR THEN YOU DO NOT HAVE TO FEEL ANXIOUS ABOUT YOUR FUNDS. BECAUSE YOUR FUNDS WILL NEVER BE LOST BECAUSE IN 3-5 YEARS YOU HAVE RETURNED THE FUNDS COUPLED WITH PROFIT.
THIS BUSINESS IS ONE AND THE ONLY ONE IN THE WORLD.

If we can make a good story, so that the readers will 

come again and again for further reading the story then 

our earnings will continue to grow and will never 

diminish. This is due to new readers who continued  to 

arrive, while long remained loyal readers become our 

customers.

So that the number of our readers will continue to 

multiply over time. With the increasing number of loyal 

readership then automatically the amount of income we 

will also grow larger every year. The same thing 

happened in yahoo, google, facebook, twitter, linkedin, 

and others when they still startup.

Deuteronomy {28:13} And the LORD shall make thee the 

head, and not the tail; and thou shalt be above only, and 

thou shalt not be beneath; if that thou hearken unto the commandments of the LORD thy God, which I command thee this day, to observe and to do [them: ]

Try to imagine this. If I give a very unique story. It was the first time in the world. But the world already know this story even liked it. Because the world love the game books. While the story that I made is the development of game books.
Do you Believe if I dare say if I will succeed because my story will be famous all over the world as Harry Potter?
I believe it. Not because I was the author of the story, but because of the story that I made is unique and the only one in the world. 
Income from my startup :
1. Ads. With millions of unique visitors, the price of the ads will be expensive.
2. Affiliate marketing. In addition to advertising, we are also able to put up some banner from affiliate marketing.
3. Contribution of the readers. If you have a million readers and every reader to pay one US dollar per year then you will get the income of one million US dollars per year. 
If you have a million readers and every reader to pay one US dollar per month then you will get as much revenue twelve million US dollars per year.
4. Books and Comics. After getting hundreds of thousands to the millions of readers of the story will be made in books and the form of a picture story (comics).
5. Movies. If we have a good story with millions of readers then quickly we will be offered to make a film based on the story.
6. Merchandise related to characters. After the movies there will be made an offer for the sale of goods related to the characters.
7. Sales. With millions of email that we have collected from our readers so we can sell anything to them.
    Each income (1-7) worth millions to tens of millions of US dollars. 
    Because each income (1-7) worth millions to tens of millions of US dollars. Then in 10-20 years into the future, AI will be earning hundreds of million USD annually.
So how long do you think my story that I made could gather a thousand readers? Ten thousand readers? One hundred thousand readers? A million readers? Five million readers? Ten million readers? More than ten million readers?
But to get all of it of course takes time, can not be instant. In addition, it takes hard work, big funds and placement of the right people in the right positions.
By advertising, viral marketing, strong marketing strategies and SEO then a million readers can be done in less than a year. Ten million readers can be done in two to three years.
This is the marketing strategy of my startup.
When hundreds of thousands or millions of readers already liked my story then they have to pay to enjoy the story that I made.
If you are a visionary then you will think like this.
With the help of my great name in the world of business, my expertise in marketing, advertising, marketing by mouth, viral marketing, then collecting a million readers to ten million readers will be easy to obtain. Is not that right?
The question now is what if people like my story as they like Harry Potter? You will get tens of millions or even hundreds of millions of email addresses from readers. With that much email, we can sell anything to the readers.
Since April 2013, Wikipedia has around 26 million articles in 285 languages are written by 39 million registered users and a variety of anonymous people who are not known from other parts of the world.  Web ranked by Alexa, Wikipedia is a famous website number 6 which has been visited by 12% of all Internet users with 80 million visitors every month and it is only from the calculation of America.

resource : http://www.tahupedia.com/content/show/136/Sejarah-dan-Asal-Mula-Wikipedia

If no Wikipedia then need hundreds of thousands to millions of books required to make 26 million articles in 285 languages into books.

With the Wikipedia then people started to leave to read a book or books to seek knowledge about a subject or many subjects.

The same thing will happen. Read a story in a book or books to be abandoned. Read a story with millions of choices on the web or blog is far more interesting than reading a book or books. 

So what happens next? In 10-20 years ahead then read a story in a book to be abandoned. Otherwise my startup will grow and continue to develop into a new entertainment industry.

New entertainment industry, where I was a forerunner startup will continue to evolve. 
Therefore, in 10-20 years into the future, my startup will be earning hundreds of million USD annually.

So do not delay. Invest your money immediately to my startup. Take A Look. There are so many advantages if you want to invest in my startup.
WHY YOU SHOULD INVEST YOUR MONEY RIGHT NOW? .
IF YOU INVEST YOUR FUNDS IN ONE, TWO OR THREE YEARS INTO THE FUTURE, YOU MAY BE TOO LATE.
BECAUSE IN 1-3 YEARS INTO THE FUTURE THEN I'VE GOT THE FUNDS. THE FUNDS CAN COME FROM SOME INVESTORS, LOANS FROM BANKS OR FROM ADVERTISEMENTS POSTED ON MY BLOG.

IF I'VE GOT A LARGE AMOUNT OF FUNDS THEN I'VE NO NEED OF YOUR FUNDS. SO INVEST NOW OR NOT AT ALL.

My BLOG started to be written January 11, 2015. TODAY, MAY 30, 2015, THE NUMBER OF CLICKS HAS REACHED 56,750. SO FAR SO GOOD.

If I get big funds from investors then with a quick story that I wrote will spread throughout the world.

So I got acceleration because I can put ads in a large variety of media such as Google AdWords, Facebook, and others. I also can perform a variety of other marketing strategies.
If I do not get funding from investors then my story would still spread throughout the world. But with a longer time, Slow but sure.

So either I get funding from investors or not, the story that I wrote will remain spread throughout the world. Ha ... 7x

So don't worry, be happy.

My advice to you is you should think whether the data that I have provided to you makes sense or not .
If my data reasonable then immediately invest your funds as soon as possible.

Then we discuss how we plan further cooperation.


Thank you.
Lord Jesus bless you.
Amen
P.S. The offer letter I gave also to the hedge funds and 

venture capital and other major companies 

in the entire 

world. So who is fast then he will get it.


P.P.S. In addition, there is one more thing I 

want to tell you. If a story can generate tens 

of millions of US dollars, then what if made 


many stories? Then why do not you make 2, 3 or many stories? You will get hundreds of million USD annually. 

Diposkan oleh di
Label:

No comments:

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

Related Posts

Related Posts Plugin for WordPress, Blogger...